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Download a printable copy [PDF]
The SPJ Code of Ethics is voluntarily embraced by thousands of journalists, regardless of place or platform, and is widely used in newsrooms and classrooms as a guide for ethical behavior. The code is intended not as a set of "rules" but as a resource for ethical decision-making. It is not — nor can it be under the First Amendment — legally enforceable.
For an expanded explanation, please follow this link.
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Preamble
Members of the Society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. The duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues.
Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve
the public with thoroughness and honesty. Professional integrity is the
cornerstone of a journalist's credibility. Members of the Society share
a dedication to ethical behavior and adopt this code to declare the Society's
principles and standards of practice.
Seek Truth and Report It
Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering,
reporting and interpreting information.
Journalists should:
— Test the accuracy of information from all sources and exercise care to avoid
inadvertent error. Deliberate distortion is never permissible.
— Diligently seek out subjects of news stories to give them the opportunity
to respond to allegations of wrongdoing.
— Identify sources whenever feasible. The public is entitled to as much information
as possible on sources' reliability.
— Always question sources’ motives before promising anonymity. Clarify
conditions attached to any promise made in exchange for information. Keep
promises.
— Make certain that headlines, news teases and promotional material, photos,
video, audio, graphics, sound bites and quotations do not misrepresent. They
should not oversimplify or highlight incidents out of context.
— Never distort the content of news photos or video. Image enhancement for
technical clarity is always permissible. Label montages and photo illustrations.
— Avoid misleading re-enactments or staged news events. If re-enactment is
necessary to tell a story, label it.
— Avoid undercover or other surreptitious methods of gathering information
except when traditional open methods will not yield information vital to the
public. Use of such methods should be explained as part of the story
— Never plagiarize.
— Tell the story of the diversity and magnitude of the human experience boldly,
even when it is unpopular to do so.
— Examine their own cultural values and avoid imposing those values on others.
— Avoid stereotyping by race, gender, age, religion, ethnicity, geography,
sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance or social status.
— Support the open exchange of views, even views they find repugnant.
— Give voice to the voiceless; official and unofficial sources of information
can be equally valid.
— Distinguish between advocacy and news reporting. Analysis and commentary
should be labeled and not misrepresent fact or context.
— Distinguish news from advertising and shun hybrids that blur the lines between
the two.
— Recognize a special obligation to ensure that the public's business is conducted
in the open and that government records are open to inspection.
Minimize Harm
Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect.
Journalists should:
— Show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage.
Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources
or subjects.
— Be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected
by tragedy or grief.
— Recognize that gathering and reporting information may cause harm or discomfort.
Pursuit of the news is not a license for arrogance.
— Recognize that private people have a greater right to control information
about themselves than do public officials and others who seek power, influence
or attention. Only an overriding public need can justify intrusion into anyone’s
privacy.
— Show good taste. Avoid pandering to lurid curiosity.
— Be cautious about identifying juvenile suspects or victims of sex crimes.
— Be judicious about naming criminal suspects before the formal filing of
charges.
— Balance a criminal suspect’s fair trial rights with the public’s
right to be informed.
Act Independently
Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other
than the public's right to know.
Journalists should:
—Avoid conflicts of interest, real or perceived.
— Remain free of associations and activities that may compromise integrity
or damage credibility.
— Refuse gifts, favors, fees, free travel and special treatment, and shun
secondary employment, political involvement, public office and service in
community organizations if they compromise journalistic integrity.
— Disclose unavoidable conflicts.
— Be vigilant and courageous about holding those with power accountable.
— Deny favored treatment to advertisers and special interests and resist their
pressure to influence news coverage.
— Be wary of sources offering information for favors or money; avoid bidding
for news.
Be Accountable
Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers
and each other.
Journalists should:
— Clarify and explain news coverage and invite dialogue with the public over
journalistic conduct.
— Encourage the public to voice grievances against the news media.
— Admit mistakes and correct them promptly.
— Expose unethical practices of journalists and the news media.
— Abide by the same high standards to which they hold others.
The SPJ Code of Ethics is voluntarily embraced
by thousands of
writers, editors and other news professionals. The present version of
the code was adopted by the 1996 SPJ National Convention, after months
of study and debate among the Society's members.
Sigma Delta Chi's first Code of Ethics was borrowed from the
American Society of Newspaper Editors in 1926. In 1973, Sigma Delta Chi
wrote its own code, which was revised in 1984, 1987 and 1996.
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• NBC needs to address lavish gift to source
• A departure from objectivity
• A mulligan, of sorts
Ethics Committee
This committee's purpose is to encourage the use of the Society's
Code of Ethics, which promotes the highest professional standards for journalists
of all disciplines. Public concerns are often answered by this committee. It
also acts as a spotter for reporting trends in the nation, accumulating case
studies of jobs well done under trying circumstances.
Ethics Committee
Andy Schotz, chair
Hagerstown, Md.
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Andy Schotz is a reporter for The Herald-Mail, a daily newspaper in Hagerstown, Md. He has covered a variety of beats, including city hall and police and courts. He has sometimes filled in as city editor. He covered the Maryland statehouse during the 2007 and 2008 sessions. When he joined the paper in 2000, he was the one person in the one-person Berkeley County, W.Va., bureau.
Schotz is president of SPJ’s Washington, D.C., Pro chapter and has helped the Maryland-Delaware-D.C. Press Association with some projects. A Long Island native, he has a bachelor’s degree from the University at Albany in upstate New York. He previously worked for eight years at The Altamont Enterprise, a weekly paper outside Albany, as a reporter and, for part of that time, an editor.
Please contact Andy only at his home e-mail address, which is where he responds to SPJ inquiries.
Fred Brown, vice chair
2862 S. Oakland Ct.
Aurora, Colo., 80014
303/829-4647
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Fred Brown is a former national president of SPJ (1997-98) and is very active on its ethics committee. He writes a column on ethics for Quill magazine and served on the committee that wrote the Society’s 1996 code of ethics.
Brown officially retired from The Denver Post in early 2002, but continues to write a Sunday editorial page column for the newspaper. He also does analysis for Denver’s NBC television station, teaches communication ethics at the University of Denver, and is a principal in Hartman & Brown, LLP, a media training and consulting firm. He has won several awards for writing and community service, including a Sigma Delta Chi Award for editorial writing in 1988. He is an Honor Alumnus of Colorado State University, a member of the Denver Press Club Hall of Fame, and serves on the boards of directors of Colorado Public Radio, the Colorado Freedom of Information Council and the Sigma Delta Chi Foundation.
SPJ Ethics
Committee Members
Robert Buckman
337/482-5221
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Robert Buckman, Ph.D., is an associate professor of communication at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, where he has been on the faculty since 1989. He is head of the print journalism sequence and is faculty adviser for the SPJ chapter. His specialties include ethics, media-military relations and Latin American media, especially press freedom issues, and he has been a regular contributor to Quill on these topics. He is also a freelance journalist, writing for various newspapers and magazines on Latin American politics and on Louisiana politics and culture. He has been on the SPJ Ethics Committee since 1996, when he participated in revising the Code of Ethics.
Buckman earned a B.A. in journalism and political science from Texas Christian University in 1970, his M.A. in political science from TCU in 1972 and his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1986. He was a reporter for the Fort Worth Press from 1972 to ’74, an editor with the U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service from 1974 to ’80 and the Texas capitol correspondent for the Fort Worth News-Tribune from 1980 to ’86. He was on the faculty of Loyola University in New Orleans from 1986 to ’89. He served a Fulbright Fellowship in Chile in 1991.He was president of the Southeast Journalism Conference in 1998 and ’99.
Casey Bukro
847/869-4193
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Casey Bukro retired in 2007 as an overnight editor after 45 years at the Chicago Tribune, much of that time as an environment writer.
Before becoming an editor in 2000, he was an environment writer since 1967 and was the first reporter to hold that title on a major American newspaper. He pioneered environment and natural resource reporting in America.
Bukro previously served as SPJ's national ethics chair and regional director for SPJ's region 5. He participated in writing SPJ's Code of Ethics and was awarded the Wells Key in 1983. He co-founded the Ethics AdviceLine for Journalists and is the Chicago Headline Club's ethics chair.
Bukro was born and grew up in Chicago and holds bachelor's and master's degrees from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University.
Al Cross
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Al Cross is director of the Institute for Rural Journalism and Community Issues, based at the University of Kentucky, and an assistant professor in UK’s School of Journalism and Telecommunications. He reported for The Courier-Journal for 26 years, the last 15 percent as chief political writer, and continues to write a twice-monthly political column for the Louisville newspaper. He was national president of the Society of Professional Journalists in 2001-02, and is chairman of SPJ’s Government Relations Committee, a member of the Ethics Committee and a director of SPJ’s Sigma Delta Chi Foundation. His awards include a share of the Pulitzer Prize won by The C-J’s staff for general news reporting in 1989, for coverage of the nation’s deadliest bus and drunk-driving crash. He is a longtime panelist on Kentucky Educational Television's “Comment on Kentucky” and has been a contributor to several books on Kentucky and politics. He grew up in Albany, Ky., is a graduate of Western Kentucky University, and worked at newspapers in Monticello, Leitchfield and Russellville before establishing The Courier-Journal news bureau at Somerset, which later moved to Bardstown. He and his wife Patti have lived in Frankfort since 1987.
Elizabeth Donald
E-mail
Jerry Dunklee
203/392-5801
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Jerry Dunklee is a journalism professor at Southern Connecticut State University. He has four decades of experience as a broadcaster and teacher. He has worked as a news reporter, news director, program director and talk show host on radio, TV and cable in New Haven, New York and Boston. Dunklee has been published in the New York Times, Hartford Courant, New Haven Register, The Communicator and Quill. Dunklee is a member of the board of directors and a past president of the Connecticut Pro chapter of SPJ. He conducts ethics seminars and writing workshops for professional journalists.
Mike Farrell
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Mike Farrell serves as director of the Scripps Howard First Amendment Center at the University of Kentucky and as an associate professor in the School of Journalism and Telecommunications. He began teaching as an adjunct in 1980 at Northern Kentucky University, continued as a graduate teaching assistant at UK in 1996, and has been a full-time faculty member there since 2000. He won the college teaching award in 2006.
He teaches reporting, media ethics, media law, journalism history, editing, media law, covering religion news and column writing.
He was a reporter, city editor and managing editor during a 20-year career at The Kentucky Post.
A native of Northern Kentucky, he earned his undergraduate degree at Moody Bible Institute, Chicago. He earned his master's and doctoral degrees at UK, where he focused on media law. He is a member of the Bluegrass Chapter and co-adviser of the UK student chapter of SPJ.
Suzanne Goldklang
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Just in time to cover the millennium, Suzanne Goldkang began her journalism career in the Twin Cities at Northwest Community Television's Cable 12 where she was an anchor and reporter for three and a half years.
She then crossed the Mississippi and headed to Wisconsin as morning anchor at WGBA-TV in Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Next stop was Bangor, Maine where she was an anchor at WVII and WFVX,
finally the NYU grad returned to the Big Apple as a reporter and anchor at WLNY.
In 2000 she received a Minnesota Emmy Award for a news special comparing the experiences of different generations of veterans.
Suzanne's life was changed at RTNDA's 2006 conference in Las Vegas when she met Ethan Harp, a reporter from San Francisco.
The couple was married 2 years later, just hours before the start of the 2008 convention.
Irwin Gratz
207/874-6570
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Irwin Gratz has been in radio news for nearly 30 years. He worked as a reporter, anchor and News Director for the number-one rated commercial station in Portland, Maine before going to work for public radio in 1992 as local anchor of “Morning Edition.”
A native of New York City, Irwin holds a Masters Degree in journalism from New York University. He has taught a college course on media ethics and has been a guest lecturer on journalism ethics and broadcast news writing.
Irwin has been a member of the Society of Professional Journalists since 1983 and has held positions as a state chapter president, a member of its national board and was the Society’s national President in 2004 and 2005.
Irwin lives outside of Portland, Maine with his wife and young son.
Liz Hansen
859/608-7681
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Elizabeth K. Hansen is a professor in the Department of Communication at Eastern Kentucky University where she has taught since 1987. She teaches Community Journalism, Media Ethics, Writing and Reporting News, Writing and Selling Nonfiction, Media Law, Public Affairs Reporting and Feature Writing.
Hansen holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, a master’s degree in journalism and mass communication from Iowa State University, and a Ph.D. in communication with emphases in mass media law and ethics from the University of Kentucky.
Hansen worked as a reporter for The Springdale News and the Arkansas Democrat in Arkansas and the State-Times in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. She also is a freelance writer whose work has been published in newspapers and magazines in Mississippi, Kentucky and elsewhere. Before joining the faculty at Eastern, she taught at Iowa State University, the University of Southern Mississippi and the University of Kentucky.
Hansen, who has been a member of SPJ for 30 years, is immediate past president of the Bluegrass Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists and advises the Eastern Kentucky University SPJ chapter. She serves on the steering committee for the Institute for Rural Journalism and Community Issues, a multi-state, multi-institution program headquartered at the University of Kentucky. She is also a member of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication and the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics. She received the 2004 Russ Metz Most Valuable Member Award from the Kentucky Press Association for her work on a statewide public records audit.
Jane Kirtley
612/625-9038
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Jane E. Kirtley has been the Silha Professor of Media Ethics and Law at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Minnesota since August 1999. Prior to that, she was Executive Director of The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press in Arlington, Virginia, for 14 years.
She was appointed Director of The Silha Center for the Study of Media Ethics and Law in May 2000, and was named to the affiliated faculty of the University of Minnesota Law School in March 2001. During the Spring 2004 semester, she was a Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law at Suffolk University Law School in Boston, Massachusetts.
Kirtley speaks frequently on First Amendment and freedom of information issues, both in the United States and abroad. She also writes the “First Amendment Watch” column for American Journalism Review.
Prof. Kirtley received her J.D. degree from Vanderbilt University School of Law in 1979. She holds bachelor’s and master’s of journalism degrees from Northwestern University’s Medill School of Journalism.
Paul LaRocque
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Paul R. LaRocque has been an advocate of journalism ethics for many years as a newspaper editor and as a journalism educator. He is a free-lance writing coach and author, and he has taught journalism at Texas universities.
LaRocque was a member and chair of the Associated Press Managing Editors Professional Standards Committee, which later became the Ethics Committee. He and journalism education colleagues at Texas Christian University researched and published pioneer studies on media treatment of crime victims. TCU presented LaRocque the 1995 Ethics in Journalism Award in recognition of his work in that field.
He was born in Worcester, Mass., and received a bachelor’s degree in journalism from Michigan State University and a master’s degree in journalism from the University of North Texas. He and his wife, Paula, and toy poodle, Pompidou, live in Arlington, Texas.
LaRocque retired as student publications director at Texas Christian University, where he also taught reporting. He taught writing and other journalism courses at Southern Methodist University, the University of North Texas, and Grayson County College. He tutors media and business personnel in writing and does writing seminars and workshops for organizations and companies. He was the summer writing coach and intern program coordinator for the Omaha World-Herald for seven years, and also coached writers and editors at the Arlington Morning News.
LaRocque began his newspaper career as a copy clerk for the Worcester (Mass.) Telegram and Gazette. He was a library assistant for the Worcester newspaper before going on active duty with the Marine Corps Reserve. He was a sports writer for the Parris Island, S.C., Marine Recruit Depot base newspaper and a sports publicist for Marine information services.
He has been a reporter and copy editor for the Lansing (Mich.) State Journal; reporter and state editor for The Milwaukee Journal; executive editor for the San Mateo (Calif.) Times; managing editor of the Battle Creek (Mich.) Enquirer and News; editor of the Bryan-College Station (Texas) Eagle; and editorial page editor of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram. . And he has written book reviews for The Dallas Morning News and the Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
LaRocque is the author of The Concise Guide to Copy Editing: Preparing Written Work for Readers and Heads You Win: An Easy Guide to Better Headline and Caption Writing, both published by Marion Street Press.
He has been a member of the Society of Professional Journalists since 1958 and he served on the SPJ national board of directors from 1989 to 1991. LaRocque is vice president for programs of the Fort Worth SPJ chapter. He has been a director of the Freedom of Information Foundation of Texas, a national board member of the Associated Press Managing Editors, and a member of the National Conference of Editorial Writers.
Bob Steele
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Bob Steele was a student journalist at DePauw University 40 years ago. Majoring in economics, he was news director of WGRE Radio, sports editor for The DePauw and a member of the founding chapter of Sigma Delta Chi, The Society of Professional Journalists.
Bob has returned to his alma mater as the Eugene S. Pulliam Distinguished Visiting Professor of Journalism (2008-2014.) He teaches journalism ethics, a seminar for DePauw’s Media Fellows program and a seminar on leadership and responsibility to students from all majors. He also created a course at the intersection of values, storytelling and writing modeled after the popular public radio project, “This I Believe.” He’s also a scholar-in-residence at DePauw’s Janet Prindle Institute for Ethics.
Bob also continues his work with The Poynter Institute where he was on the faculty for nearly 20 years, including leading the ethics program for over a decade. He is the Nelson Poynter Scholar for Journalism Values.
He’s worked with professional journalists from across the country and around the world — from reporters and photographers to editors and corporate news executives — on issues of ethics, values and leadership. He taught thousands of journalists in Poynter seminar sessions, conducted workshops at over 100 news organizations and wrote case studies, articles, handbooks and book chapters on journalism ethics issues. His favorite role is what he and his Poynter colleagues refer to as “rabbi” work — coaching and guiding journalists on real-time ethics challenges.
Bob’s full circle journey from and back to small-town Indiana included stops in Phu Lam, Vietnam as an army officer; Bangor, Maine, Green Bay, Wisconsin and Cedar Rapids, Iowa as a television reporter and manager; and Syracuse University and The University of Iowa while earning masters and doctoral degrees.
Through it all, Bob believes in the power of inquiry. He values questions as a pathway to exploration, understanding and decision-making.
Sara Stone
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Dr. Sara Stone, professor of journalism at Baylor University, teaches courses in media law and ethics and reporting and is the director of undergraduate studies for the journalism department at Baylor.
She served on a nationwide Task Force on the Ethics of the Media Coverage of the Mount Carmel standoff sponsored by the Society of Professional Journalists. She was national vice president for campus chapter affairs for the Society of Professional Journalists from 1988 to 1994. She is the SPJ student chapter adviser at Baylor.
Stone has professional journalistic experience in both print and broadcast. After graduating from the University of New Mexico in 1970 she joined the staff of the Amarillo Globe-News where she served as a reporter, copy editor, night news editor and assistant night city editor over the next four-and-a-half years. She obtained a master’s degree in mass communications at Texas Tech University and taught in the journalism department at West Texas State University (now West Texas A&M) from 1974 to 1980. During the summers from 1976 through 1980 she worked as a reporter and weekend co-anchor for television station KVII, the ABC affiliate in Amarillo.
From 1980 to 1982, Stone attended the University of Tennessee where she earned a Ph.D. in communications. While a doctoral student, she worked part-time as a copy editor for the Knoxville News-Sentinel. She was named an outstanding doctoral student in the College of Communications at Tennessee, where she was a Bickel Fellow.
She has been on the faculty of the Baylor University journalism department since the fall of 1982. She has attended journalism educator workshops put on by both the American Press Institute and by the Poynter Institute. In 1987, she also was named the Outstanding Society of Professional Journalists Campus Chapter Adviser in the United States.
Peter Sussman
510/845-1311
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Peter Y. Sussman is an independent journalist and author who spent 29 years in various editing positions at the San Francisco Chronicle. He has received numerous national and local journalism and First Amendment awards, many of them for his pioneering advocacy for media access to prisoners and his defense of Dannie M. Martin, a federal prisoner who was punished for an article he wrote that Sussman published in The Chronicle.
He is the co-author with Martin of Committing Journalism: The Prison Writings of Red Hog (W.W. Norton, 1993) and the editor of Decca: The Letters of Jessica Mitford (Knopf and Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006).
Sussman, a longtime member of SPJ's Ethics Committee, has also served as California Sunshine chair and two terms as president of the Northern California professional chapter. Among his national awards from SPJ are the Freedom of Information Award (1990), the Howard S. Dubin Outstanding Professional Chapter Member Award (1997) and the Wells Memorial Key, the Society's highest honor for an individual member (1999). In bestowing the Wells Key, the Society cited his “instrumental” role in writing SPJ's current Code of Ethics and his advocacy of press freedoms and journalism diversity, in both hiring and coverage.
Beginning in 2002, Sussman wrote and lectured widely on wartime journalism ethics, based on specific ethical conflicts during the "war on terror" and the Afghan and Iraqi invasions. He conducted a number of workshops to reconsider journalists’ wartime ethical obligations. One product of those workshops was a proposed set of guidelines to help resolve ethical conflicts in wartime.
Further details on Sussman's career are available at peterysussman.com.
Adrian Uribarri
786/514-5758
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Adrian G. Uribarri is a staff writer at the Orlando Sentinel. Previously, he was a reporting trainee at the Los Angeles Times. He joined the Sentinel in June 2007, two years after he worked there as a Dow Jones Newspaper Fund business-reporting intern. During the summer of 2006, he was a DJNF copy-editing intern at the San Francisco Chronicle's business desk.
He has been a member of the Society of Professional Journalists since 2005, when he was elected president of the University of Florida chapter and campus representative on SPJ's board of directors. He joined the society's ethics committee in 2006. He was one of 10 SPJ members to travel to Taiwan in 2008 as part of the society's working-journalists delegation to the country.
He earned bachelor's degrees in journalism and political science from the University of Florida and has attended reporting and editing residencies at New York University and the University of Texas at Austin. He also is a member of the National Association of Hispanic Journalists and was a panelist at the 2006 convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. He lives in Mount Dora, Fla.
Nerissa Young
E-mail
Bio (click to expand)
Nerissa Young is a recovering print journalist employed as assistant professor of print journalism at the W. Page Pitt School of Journalism and Mass Communications at Marshall University in Huntington, W.Va. Before that, she taught three years in the Department of Mass Communications at Shepherd University in Shepherdstown, W.Va., and in the journalism school at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater. Young has nearly 20 years of media experience that includes radio, newspapers, freelance and journalism education. A native West Virginian, she received her bachelor’s degree in secondary education from Concord College and her master’s degree in journalism from Marshall University. She has been a member of SPJ’s national ethics committee since 1995 and spent seven years as chairwoman of SPJ’s national Project Watchdog committee. Young writes a weekly column, “The Back Porch,” about whatever tickles her momentary fancy for her former employer, The (Beckley, W.Va.) Register-Herald. At Marshall, she teaches news writing and reporting and advises the campus newspaper, The Parthenon.
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